Does gold - Pure gold does not tarnish. In fact, gold is one of the least reactive elements, meaning it will not experience that type of chemical reaction when exposed to oxygen. This is also true for platinum and rhodium. The keyword there is pure. Solid 24k gold will absolutely not tarnish, but when is the last time you saw a piece of jewelry that was ...

 
585 —This means that the gold is 58.5% pure, or 14K. Good, strong gold but with more gold than 10K. 750 —This means that the gold is 75.0% pure, or 18K. Much more pure than 14K, still has good strength with a wonderful balance in purity. 916 —This means that the gold is 91.6% pure, or 22K.. Kobalt kmp 6080 06 blade

Gold will gain heat at about 7 times the rate that aluminum does, which is why aluminum foil is a much better thing to wrap a turkey in before you pop it in the oven. This is a good thing as if we had to wrap our food in gold foil, we’d probably starve due to the costs of the gold.Edible gold leaf is a gold product that can be used to decorate food. Gold is considered "biologically inert," meaning it passes through the digestive tract without being absorbed. It is mostly used in desserts and candy making and is available in sheets and as flakes. It is one of the world's priciest foods, but considering it is real gold ...Early Gold Finds and Production. Gold was produced in the southern Appalachian region as early as 1792 and perhaps as early as 1775 in southern California. The discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in California sparked the gold rush of 1849-50, and hundreds of mining camps sprang to life as new deposits were discovered.Sep 10, 2020 · Articles Is Gold Magnetic? Gold Properties and Physics September 10, 2020 Are you interested in finding a bunch of gold in 2020 and beyond? Well, if you are about to start hunting after one of humanity’s most sought after metals, you will want to review the basics about the physical characteristics of gold. How does gold depreciate compared to stocks, fiat money, and other precious metals? Current figures show it doesn’t depreciate at all but rather outperforms other investments by a wide margin. Pricing data from 2000 to 2020 shows a nearly 531% gain in the price of gold.May 6, 2019 · Gold sank to the Earth's core during the planet's formation. It's only accessible today because of asteroid bombardment. Theoretically, it's possible to form gold by the nuclear processes of fusion, fission, and radioactive decay. It's easiest for scientists to transmute gold by bombarding the heavier element mercury and producing gold via decay. The “Gold of Troy” treasure hoard, excavated in Turkey and dating to the era 2450 -2600 B.C., show the range of gold-work from delicate jewelry to a gold gravy boat weighing a full troy pound. This was a time when gold was highly valued, but had not yet become money itself.As an element, gold holds the title as being one of the elements that is least reactive. In it's pure form, gold does not rust or tarnish as it does not combine with oxygen easily. This is why pure gold stays as shiny as it does. When it comes to gold jewelry, it is very rare to find pure gold jewelry pieces.Gold plating is a process where a thin layer of gold is bonded onto a base metal. Plating is quite common in the jewelry world, with gold and rhodium being two popular types. This process was invented by an Italian chemist, Luigi Brugnatelli in 1805, the first person to plate a thin coat of gold onto silver.Gold, and other elements heavier than iron, are formed just before stars explode into supernovae. (Image credit: Getty Images) Gold represents a tiny fraction of the elements in the known universe.Native gold is an element and a mineral. It is highly prized by people because of its attractive color, its rarity, resistance to tarnish, and its many special properties - some of which are unique to gold. No other element has more uses than gold. All of these factors help support a price of gold that is higher than all but a few other metals.Inflation Hedge. Gold has historically been an excellent hedge against inflation, because its price tends to rise when the cost of living increases. Over the past 50 years, investors have seen ...Getty. Contrary to popular opinion, gold and silver are not hedges against a crisis. In fact, a crisis may cause all salable assets, including precious metals, to be sold in order to get cash. At ...Jewelry can be cleaned with a “soft, non-abrasive, and lint-free cloth or chamois to keep the shine,” Hordern continues. Start by gently rubbing the surface of the gold-plated jewelry and clean or spot treat as needed. Amber Glassman, CEO and co-founder of Bryan Anthonys, echoes this lint-free cloth tip: “Do not use a polishing cloth, as ...Pure gold does not tarnish. In fact, gold is one of the least reactive elements, meaning it will not experience that type of chemical reaction when exposed to oxygen. This is also true for platinum and rhodium. The keyword there is pure. Solid 24k gold will absolutely not tarnish, but when is the last time you saw a piece of jewelry that was ...4. Scratch the gold on a touchstone to test its purity. If you think you might have real gold, rub it along the touchstone to create a streak of gold flakes. Add a drop of 12K, 14K, 18K, and 22K nitric acid to different parts of the streak. Check back after 20 to 40 seconds.2023 Gold Price Prediction. My forecast for the gold price in 2023 is based on the likely trajectory of inflation, recession, interest rates, stock markets, U.S. dollar, central bank demand, QE, and technical indicators. As a result, I expect the gold price to be higher in 2023. Here are my predictions.Gold has a profound impact on the value of world currencies. Even though the gold standard has been abandoned, gold as a commodity can act as a substitute for fiat currencies and be used as an ...Currently, Australia is the third biggest gold-digger… we mean, gold producer in the world, sailing out about $5 billion worth of the yellow treasure every year! Gold has a positive correlation with AUD/USD. When gold goes up, AUD/USD tends to go up. When gold goes down, AUD/USD tends to go down. Historically, AUD/USD has had a whopping 80% ...The “Gold of Troy” treasure hoard, excavated in Turkey and dating to the era 2450 -2600 B.C., show the range of gold-work from delicate jewelry to a gold gravy boat weighing a full troy pound. This was a time when gold was highly valued, but had not yet become money itself.To ascertain the investment merits of gold, let’s check its performance against that of the S&P 500 Index for the past year (January 2022 to January 2023), an example of a time when gold ...Methodology. We conducted an in-depth survey of the top 20 gold IRA companies in order to develop our listing of the best gold IRAs. We excluded any companies with a Better Business Bureau grade ...When you see Gold bars in film, it may provoke questions like, how much does a Gold bar weigh? Or, how much is a Gold bar worth? The answers vary depending on the weight, fineness and the spot price of Gold during the time of purchase. Our Gold bar selection includes: 1/2 gram Gold Bars; 1 gram Gold Bars; 2 gram Gold Bars; 2.5 gram Gold Bars; 1 ...Gold has a profound impact on the value of world currencies. Even though the gold standard has been abandoned, gold as a commodity can act as a substitute for fiat currencies and be used as an ...Gold Prices Today - Live Chart. Dow to Silver Ratio. Gold Prices - 100 Year Historical Chart. Gold Prices vs Oil Prices. Gold Prices and U.S Dollar Correlation. Gold Price - Last 10 Years. Dow to Gold Ratio. Gold to Oil Ratio. S&P 500 to Gold Ratio.For a straight answer, the melting point of gold is 1,948 degrees Fahrenheit or 1,064 degrees Celsius. That’s hot enough to burn through car engines, the Earth’s crust, and many other metals. But how do you achieve the melting point of gold if you’re looking to make a brand-new ring, bar, or coin?Free Gold Price Widget For Your Website. Share live gold prices with your website followers or on your blog, using our free gold price widget. To get started, please select one of the size dimensions from the drop-down menu below, and copy the code from the Widget Code text box and paste it into the desired position in your page.According to Statista data, gold returned an average of 7.78% per year since 1971. Physical gold storage and insurance fees for small investors are usually higher than 0.4% per year. Therefore ...Gold - Wikipedia Gold Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au (from Latin aurum 'gold') and atomic number 79. It is a bright, slightly orange-yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal in pure form. Chemically, gold is a transition metal and a group 11 element.Aug 3. Sep 5. Sep $1,940 USD $1,950 USD $1,960 USD $1,970 USD $1,930 USD 1m 3m 6m YTD 1y All Aug 29, 2023 → Sep 5, 2023 Gold Gold to Silver Ratio High: 82 Low: 80.67 0.73 0.9% 24H 24H 3D 1W 1M 3M YTD 1Y 5YThere are many opportunities to invest in gold, including bullion (i.e., gold bars), mutual funds, futures, mining companies, and jewelry. With few exceptions, only bullion, futures, and a handful ...Updated on May 06, 2019 Gold is a chemical element easily recognized by its yellow metallic color. It is valuable because of its rarity, resistance to corrosion, electrical conductivity, malleability, ductility, and beauty.Similarly, gold yielded a negative 7.6% return from 1988 to 1991, a period when inflation was about 4.6%. However, investors won big from 1973 to 1979, when the annual inflation rate averaged 8.8% ...AM PM 1,944.30 1,940.55 Shanghai Aug 31, 2023 AM PM 63.57 63.58 Gold Historical Performance Gold Ratios Gold Price Guide WHAT MAKES GOLD A PRECIOUS METAL? This is a classification of specific metals that are considered rare and have a higher economic value compared to other metals.Gold has been used as money for exchange, as a store of value, as valuable jewelry, and as other artifacts. Gold’s value is ultimately a social construction; we all agree it always has been ...Play together with Gold starting at $9.99/month. Subscription continues automatically at regular price unless cancelled through your Microsoft Account. See terms*. Xbox Live Gold becomes Xbox Game Pass Core on September 14, 2023. Sign up for Live Gold now and you’ll have access to Game Pass Core as soon as it arrives.Edible gold leaf is a gold product that can be used to decorate food. Gold is considered "biologically inert," meaning it passes through the digestive tract without being absorbed. It is mostly used in desserts and candy making and is available in sheets and as flakes. It is one of the world's priciest foods, but considering it is real gold ...Free Gold Price Widget For Your Website. Share live gold prices with your website followers or on your blog, using our free gold price widget. To get started, please select one of the size dimensions from the drop-down menu below, and copy the code from the Widget Code text box and paste it into the desired position in your page.Bitcoin crossed the $1 trillion market capitalization mark on Friday, while gold touched $1784. Insider surveyed 10 experts to see which asset they'd rather hold for the next ten years—and why ...Getty. Contrary to popular opinion, gold and silver are not hedges against a crisis. In fact, a crisis may cause all salable assets, including precious metals, to be sold in order to get cash. At ...Updated on May 06, 2019 Gold is a chemical element easily recognized by its yellow metallic color. It is valuable because of its rarity, resistance to corrosion, electrical conductivity, malleability, ductility, and beauty.Toronto food writer Corey Mintz finds the gold-eating trend an act of inexcusable opulence. “Eating gold is the absolute height of tastelessness,” Mintz says. “If you find yourself eating ...May 6, 2019 · Gold sank to the Earth's core during the planet's formation. It's only accessible today because of asteroid bombardment. Theoretically, it's possible to form gold by the nuclear processes of fusion, fission, and radioactive decay. It's easiest for scientists to transmute gold by bombarding the heavier element mercury and producing gold via decay. Conversion : 1 troy ounce = 31.1034768 grams. On this page you can view the current price of gold per ounce, gram or kilo. Gold is usually quoted by the ounce in U.S. Dollars. The gold price can, however, be quoted in any currency by the ounce, gram or kilo.Gold futures vs. forwards. Trades equivalent of 27 million ounces/day - 30x SPDR Gold ETF at 0.8 million ounces/day. With GC futures, pay no management fees vs. an ETF that charges a fee on your position every day it’s held. Nearly 24-hour access enables you to act, not wait, as major events (Brexit, U.S. elections) unfold.Sep 5, 2023 · Track the current Gold price with the APMEX Gold price chart. The current Gold spot price is a click away. View the spot price of Gold and plan your purchase today. Melting gold normally requires temperatures upwards of 1,064° C (1,947° F), but physics is never quite that simple. A team of researchers has now found a way to melt gold at room temperature ...Gold does not yield any interest income; in fact, it costs money to hold the yellow metal, with storage and insurance being among the costs of holding gold.The price of gold has increased approximately 4,750% since 1935 when President Franklin D. Roosevelt raised the value of gold to $35 per ounce. This is compared to today’s gold prices (June 2020) that are hovering around $1,700. If you compare the goldprice today (June 2020) with the prices at the beginning of this millennium (January 2000 ...Abstract. Gold is ubiquitous in the human environment and most people are in contact with it through wearing jewelry, dental devices, implants or therapies for rheumatoid arthritis. Gold is not a nutrient but people are exposed to it as a food colorant and in food chains. The present review discusses the hazards faced in personal and domestic ...Recent News Aug. 20, 2023, 9:36 PM ET (CNBC) Gold loiters near 5-month low as traders hunt for more Fed cues panning gold (Au), chemical element, a dense lustrous yellow precious metal of Group 11 (Ib), Period 6, of the periodic table of the elements. Gold has several qualities that have made it exceptionally valuable throughout history.Gold, like iron, copper, lead and tin is a metal. Gold is the only yellow metal and is chemically very stable. It does not readily combine with other substances and, therefore, does not corrode or tarnish. Because of this property, it is almost always found in nature as pure gold. This is referred to as 'native gold'.Here are five frequently asked questions and what you should know before buying gold: 1. Why purchase gold or silver? In “stable” times, I believe that at least 10% of one’s portfolio should be...Gold: The Most Useful Metal. Of all the minerals mined from the Earth, none is more useful than gold.Its usefulness is derived from a diversity of special properties. Gold conducts electricity, does not tarnish, is very easy to work, can be drawn into wire, can be hammered into thin sheets, alloys with many other metals, can be melted and cast into highly detailed shapes, and has a wonderful ...Sep 10, 2020 · Articles Is Gold Magnetic? Gold Properties and Physics September 10, 2020 Are you interested in finding a bunch of gold in 2020 and beyond? Well, if you are about to start hunting after one of humanity’s most sought after metals, you will want to review the basics about the physical characteristics of gold. How does gold depreciate compared to stocks, fiat money, and other precious metals? Current figures show it doesn’t depreciate at all but rather outperforms other investments by a wide margin. Pricing data from 2000 to 2020 shows a nearly 531% gain in the price of gold.Gold futures vs. forwards. Trades equivalent of 27 million ounces/day - 30x SPDR Gold ETF at 0.8 million ounces/day. With GC futures, pay no management fees vs. an ETF that charges a fee on your position every day it’s held. Nearly 24-hour access enables you to act, not wait, as major events (Brexit, U.S. elections) unfold.Gold, the most sought-after metal on Earth, has a fascinating origin story that begins in the stars and is reflected in every bit of shiny jewelry or coins. From its formation through nuclear ...Gold does not yield any interest income; in fact, it costs money to hold the yellow metal, with storage and insurance being among the costs of holding gold.Edible gold leaf is a gold product that can be used to decorate food. Gold is considered "biologically inert," meaning it passes through the digestive tract without being absorbed. It is mostly used in desserts and candy making and is available in sheets and as flakes. It is one of the world's priciest foods, but considering it is real gold ...There are many opportunities to invest in gold, including bullion (i.e., gold bars), mutual funds, futures, mining companies, and jewelry. With few exceptions, only bullion, futures, and a handful ...May 6, 2019 · Gold sank to the Earth's core during the planet's formation. It's only accessible today because of asteroid bombardment. Theoretically, it's possible to form gold by the nuclear processes of fusion, fission, and radioactive decay. It's easiest for scientists to transmute gold by bombarding the heavier element mercury and producing gold via decay. Is U.S. currency still backed by gold? Federal Reserve notes are not redeemable in gold, silver, or any other commodity. Federal Reserve notes have not been redeemable in gold since January 30, 1934, when the Congress amended Section 16 of the Federal Reserve Act to read: "The said [Federal Reserve] notes shall be obligations of the United States….They shall be redeemed in lawful money on ...The metal corrosion rate through pores in the gold is often accelerated relative to the rate in the absence of a gold layer. This is a galvanic effect caused by the noble (cathodic) gold layer in contact with an active (anodic) substrate. Two common substrate metals are copper (Cu) and silver (Ag). Under atmospheric conditions, copper and ...Gold can be colored by creating surface oxide layers. Because gold does not oxidize in its pure form, base metals have to be added to create blue, brown, and black gold. The "Hearts" collection, in blue gold, is by Ludwig Muller of Switzerland. Crosses of black gold may be colored in different ways, as shown above.4. Scratch the gold on a touchstone to test its purity. If you think you might have real gold, rub it along the touchstone to create a streak of gold flakes. Add a drop of 12K, 14K, 18K, and 22K nitric acid to different parts of the streak. Check back after 20 to 40 seconds.585 —This means that the gold is 58.5% pure, or 14K. Good, strong gold but with more gold than 10K. 750 —This means that the gold is 75.0% pure, or 18K. Much more pure than 14K, still has good strength with a wonderful balance in purity. 916 —This means that the gold is 91.6% pure, or 22K.Gold is an effective medicine for controlling some types of arthritis and related diseases. In some people it helps relieve joint pain and stiffness reduce swelling and bone damage and reduce the chance of joint deformity and disability. If your arthritis improves with gold treatment you may be able to resume many or all of your normal daily ...Aug 3. Sep 5. Sep $1,940 USD $1,950 USD $1,960 USD $1,970 USD $1,930 USD 1m 3m 6m YTD 1y All Aug 29, 2023 → Sep 5, 2023 Gold Gold to Silver Ratio High: 82 Low: 80.67 0.73 0.9% 24H 24H 3D 1W 1M 3M YTD 1Y 5YBitcoin crossed the $1 trillion market capitalization mark on Friday, while gold touched $1784. Insider surveyed 10 experts to see which asset they'd rather hold for the next ten years—and why ...Sep 5, 2023 · Track the current Gold price with the APMEX Gold price chart. The current Gold spot price is a click away. View the spot price of Gold and plan your purchase today. There are many opportunities to invest in gold, including bullion (i.e., gold bars), mutual funds, futures, mining companies, and jewelry. With few exceptions, only bullion, futures, and a handful ...Methodology. We conducted an in-depth survey of the top 20 gold IRA companies in order to develop our listing of the best gold IRAs. We excluded any companies with a Better Business Bureau grade ...Getty. Contrary to popular opinion, gold and silver are not hedges against a crisis. In fact, a crisis may cause all salable assets, including precious metals, to be sold in order to get cash. At ...Native gold is an element and a mineral. It is highly prized by people because of its attractive color, its rarity, resistance to tarnish, and its many special properties - some of which are unique to gold. No other element has more uses than gold. All of these factors help support a price of gold that is higher than all but a few other metals.Gold can efficiently transfer heat and electricity, and this ability is surpassed only by silver and copper, but unlike these metals, gold does not tarnish, making it crucial in electronics. Gold’s electrical resistivity is 0.022 micro-ohm m at 20 °C, and its thermal conductivity is 310 W m-1 K-1 at the same temperature.Gold is an effective medicine for controlling some types of arthritis and related diseases. In some people it helps relieve joint pain and stiffness reduce swelling and bone damage and reduce the chance of joint deformity and disability. If your arthritis improves with gold treatment you may be able to resume many or all of your normal daily ...Gold Prices Today - Live Chart. Dow to Silver Ratio. Gold Prices - 100 Year Historical Chart. Gold Prices vs Oil Prices. Gold Prices and U.S Dollar Correlation. Gold Price - Last 10 Years. Dow to Gold Ratio. Gold to Oil Ratio. S&P 500 to Gold Ratio.The Kitco Gold Index has one purpose, that is to determine whether the value of gold is actual, a reflection of changes in the US Dollar value, or a combination of both. The U.S. Dollar Index® represents the value of the US Dollar in terms of a basket of six major foreign currencies: Euro (57.6%), Japanese Yen (13.6%), UK Pound (11.9% ...The native elements contain the most gold, followed by the sulfide minerals. Several gold tellurides are known, but no gold selenides have been reported, and only one sulfide, the telluride-sulfide mineral nagyagite, ii:; known. The nonmetallic minerals carry the least gold, and the light-colored minerals generally contain less gold4. Scratch the gold on a touchstone to test its purity. If you think you might have real gold, rub it along the touchstone to create a streak of gold flakes. Add a drop of 12K, 14K, 18K, and 22K nitric acid to different parts of the streak. Check back after 20 to 40 seconds.4. Scratch the gold on a touchstone to test its purity. If you think you might have real gold, rub it along the touchstone to create a streak of gold flakes. Add a drop of 12K, 14K, 18K, and 22K nitric acid to different parts of the streak. Check back after 20 to 40 seconds.There are many opportunities to invest in gold, including bullion (i.e., gold bars), mutual funds, futures, mining companies, and jewelry. With few exceptions, only bullion, futures, and a handful ...Conversion : 1 troy ounce = 31.1034768 grams. On this page you can view the current price of gold per ounce, gram or kilo. Gold is usually quoted by the ounce in U.S. Dollars. The gold price can, however, be quoted in any currency by the ounce, gram or kilo.Gold has been used as money for exchange, as a store of value, as valuable jewelry, and as other artifacts. Gold’s value is ultimately a social construction; we all agree it always has been ...

Gold can efficiently transfer heat and electricity, and this ability is surpassed only by silver and copper, but unlike these metals, gold does not tarnish, making it crucial in electronics. Gold’s electrical resistivity is 0.022 micro-ohm m at 20 °C, and its thermal conductivity is 310 W m-1 K-1 at the same temperature.. V3

does gold

Key Takeaways. Several ways exist to invest in gold: buying the metal itself, buying gold funds, or buying gold options. Investing in gold bullion for individuals takes the form of gold bars or ...Conversion : 1 troy ounce = 31.1034768 grams. On this page you can view the current price of gold per ounce, gram or kilo. Gold is usually quoted by the ounce in U.S. Dollars. The gold price can, however, be quoted in any currency by the ounce, gram or kilo.Updated on May 06, 2019 Gold is a chemical element easily recognized by its yellow metallic color. It is valuable because of its rarity, resistance to corrosion, electrical conductivity, malleability, ductility, and beauty.Gold, like iron, copper, lead and tin is a metal. Gold is the only yellow metal and is chemically very stable. It does not readily combine with other substances and, therefore, does not corrode or tarnish. Because of this property, it is almost always found in nature as pure gold. This is referred to as 'native gold'.Currently, Australia is the third biggest gold-digger… we mean, gold producer in the world, sailing out about $5 billion worth of the yellow treasure every year! Gold has a positive correlation with AUD/USD. When gold goes up, AUD/USD tends to go up. When gold goes down, AUD/USD tends to go down. Historically, AUD/USD has had a whopping 80% ...The removal of gold to the core should leave the outer portion of Earth bereft of bling. However, precious metals are tens to thousands of times more abundant in Earth's silicate mantle than ...Gold can be reused by melting down old gold objects and reforming the gold into new pieces. For example, old coins and broken pieces of jewelry can be melted down and reused to make new gold jewelry. Gold Alloys. Despite gold's desirable properties, it does have one significant drawback: softness. This means it wears out easily.Chiaradia observed that less than 1% of the gold is captured in the ores in the deep copper-rich deposits. On the other hand, in deposits located at a depth of up to 3 km, the rate climbs to 5% ...Gold Comes From Outer Space. Gold, the shiny yellow metal prized for its beauty and malleability and used in many different industries, is actually created inside massive stars when they explode into a supernova. Of course, after a star supernovas and forms gold, the precious metal has to travel to Earth in some way.A ring made of 14k gold is 58.3% pure gold mixed with 41.7% of a more durable metal alloy – usually a mix of zinc, nickel, silver, and copper, with a plating like rhodium. Pure gold is 24k. Without additional alloys, pure gold is soft and easily damaged. It is also heavy and expensive.There are many opportunities to invest in gold, including bullion (i.e., gold bars), mutual funds, futures, mining companies, and jewelry. With few exceptions, only bullion, futures, and a handful ...May 6, 2019 · Gold sank to the Earth's core during the planet's formation. It's only accessible today because of asteroid bombardment. Theoretically, it's possible to form gold by the nuclear processes of fusion, fission, and radioactive decay. It's easiest for scientists to transmute gold by bombarding the heavier element mercury and producing gold via decay. The two main differences are their composition and price. White gold consists more of a mixture of durable metals like nickel, zinc, and copper. Platinum is naturally white and less malleable with 95-98% platinum composition. Since more platinum is needed to make a ring, the price tends to be 40-50% more than white gold.Updated on May 06, 2019 Gold is a chemical element easily recognized by its yellow metallic color. It is valuable because of its rarity, resistance to corrosion, electrical conductivity, malleability, ductility, and beauty.When you see Gold bars in film, it may provoke questions like, how much does a Gold bar weigh? Or, how much is a Gold bar worth? The answers vary depending on the weight, fineness and the spot price of Gold during the time of purchase. Our Gold bar selection includes: 1/2 gram Gold Bars; 1 gram Gold Bars; 2 gram Gold Bars; 2.5 gram Gold Bars; 1 ...The metal corrosion rate through pores in the gold is often accelerated relative to the rate in the absence of a gold layer. This is a galvanic effect caused by the noble (cathodic) gold layer in contact with an active (anodic) substrate. Two common substrate metals are copper (Cu) and silver (Ag). Under atmospheric conditions, copper and ....

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